Eso fue cuando hicimos Inconquistable Corazón que yo ya tenía que radicarme acá.
That was when we did Unconquerable Heart and I really had to settle here.
Captions 49-50, Biografía - Natalia Oreiro
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The verb radicar can mean "to be situated/located (in)," and so what Natalia is saying in the quote above is:
"This was when we did 'Inconquistable Corazón' that I had to settle here."
Bueno, yo llegué a... a radicar a Holbox del Estado de Morelos, pero ahora ya me siento Holboxeño.
Well, I came to... to settle down in Holbox from the State of Morelos, but now I feel Holboxian.
Captions 7-8, Yabla en Yucatán - Jorge
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Con la crisis económico, me tuve que radicar en España.
Given the economic crisis, I had to relocate to Spain.
Pero hace diez años sí, ya nos radicamos en Buenos Aires.
But ten years ago we did establish ourselves in Buenos Aires.
Caption 13, Karamelo Santo - Goy
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Radicarse en otro pais es dificil.
To establish yourself in another country is difficult.
La belleza del ámbar mexicano radica en su gama de tonos.
The beauty of Mexican amber lies in its range of tones.
Caption 6, Sergio en Monterrey - El ámbar mexicano
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El problema radica en la falta de presupuesto para este sector.
The problem lies in the lack of budget for this area.
¡Y además te quejas!
And still, you're complaining!
Caption 7, Tu Rock es Votar - Comercial de TV
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Quejarse is a verb meaning "to complain," so we translate the above phrase directed at Mexico's voters as:
"And still you're complaining!"
Así que no puedo quejarme.
So I can't complain.
Caption 33, Federico Kauffman Doig - Arqueólogo
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Similarly, the affable Federico Kauffman Doig uses quejarme when he states "So I can't complain."
On a related note, you won't be surprised to learn, if you didn't yet know it; una queja is "a complaint."
Tengo que pedir el libro de reclamaciones y poner una queja.
I have to ask for the complaint log and make a complaint.
Caption 6, Raquel - El libro de reclamaciones
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Mañana misma pongo la queja.
Tomorrow I'll put in the complaint.
Caption 23, Confidencial: El rey de la estafa - Capítulo 2
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Cuando hace humedad, podemos escuchar a la gente quejándose por ello.
When it's humid, we can hear people complaining about it.
Captions 27-28, Clara explica - El tiempo
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The preposition following quejarse is often de.
Se queja de un dolor en el abdomen.
She complains of pain in the abdomen.
Se la pasa quejándose de que no tiene dinero.
She is always complaining about having no money.
Este... Vamos a tratar de explicarles... este... la labor de la artesanía. Este... trabajo que llevamos acabo muchos jóvenes aquí en esta ciudad y...
We're going to try to explain... the... the work of crafts. This... work that many of us, young people carry out in this city and...
Captions 5-6, Javier Marin - Artesano Venezolano
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Nouns Labor (fem.) and trabajo (masc.) both mean "work" -- the opposite of retirement or rest. Venezuelan artisan Javier Marin uses the word interchangeably above to describe his subject: The work of local artisans, like himself, in the city of Coro, Venezuela.
Javier also uses the related verb trabajar ("to work") multiple times in his chat to describe how the work was done. Here, he talks about some of the materials they work with, such as glazed ceramic (el gres) and snail shells (los caracoles):
También trabajamos con el gres.
We also work with glazed ceramic.
Caption 26, Javier Marin - Artesano Venezolano
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También trabajamos un poco con lo que son este... las piezas del mar, los caracoles.
We also work a little bit with... parts of the sea, seashells.
Captions 54-55, Javier Marin - Artesano Venezolano
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When describing the employment history of his father, the verb trabajar pops up yet again. At this point in the video, Javier points to the building where his father worked in the '50s:
Mi padre antiguamente en los años cincuenta este... trabajó acá en este edificio.
Long time ago, in the fifties, my father... worked here in this building.
Captions 73-74, Javier Marin - Artesano Venezolano
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One line later, Javier employs the synonymous (though less common) verb laborar to describe what his dad's job was:
Laboró como telegrafista con el... con el código morse.
He worked as a telegrapher with the... with the morse code.
Captions 76-77, Javier Marin - Artesano Venezolano
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To buy time while thinking of synonyms for oft-repeated words, you'll note that Javier says este... a lot. It's a verbal tic repeated all over Latin America -- on TV talk shows and radio interviews, for example. Non-native speakers who have the habit of saying "um" over and over might want to replace their um's with "este..." if they hope to be mistaken for a native Spanish speaker. You simply can't say "um" in the middle of a Spanish sentence without someone figuring out that you're not speaking your mother tongue.
...retirándole recursos locales y retirándole autonomía alimentaria y productiva a los agricultores.
...taking away local resources and taking away alimentary and productive autonomy from the farmers.
Captions 5-6, De consumidor a persona - Short Film
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The verb retirar has an array of meanings. Often, it means "to take away" or "to remove." Here, in Part 4 of the stirring documentary De consumidor a persona, we learn how farmers are having both their local resources and autonomy in food production taken away by multinational corporations.
Note that retirar is derived from the verb tirar ("to pull"), mentioned in this space just last week. As in English, the prefix re- can mean "back" in Spanish.
"¿Puedo retirar el plato?," a waitress in a restaurant might ask you at the end of a meal, referring to your empty plate. If you say yes, she'll take your plate back to the kitchen.
Here we have another use of retirar in Yago, a TV series from Argentina:
Señor... Usted no puede estar acá, se tiene que retirar.
Sir... You can't be here, you have to leave.
Caption 9, Yago - 10 Enfrentamientos
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At the same time, retirar can also mean "to retire" -- an English cognate that's easy enough to remember. But note that retirar's synonym jubilar is often used instead to describe the act of retiring from the workplace, as in Venezuelan Javier Marin's description of his dad's retirement:
Laboró como telegrafista con el... con el código morse y actualmente se encuentra jubilado.
He worked as a telegrapher with the... with the morse code and currently he's retired.
Captions 76-78, Javier Marin - Artesano Venezolano
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"Se encuentra jubilado," ("He's retired,") Javier explains in Part 1 of his chat with us about jewelry-making.
Coming to us from Spain, Constantino Cuenca tells us a little bit about his family's business:
Es una champiñonera tradicional que estableció mi suegro.
It's a traditional mushroom farm that my father-in-law established.
Y fue familiarmente. Y ya ahora claro pues, mi suegro ya se ha jubilado.
And already now of course well, my father-in-law already has retired.
Captions 6-8, La Champiñonera El cultivo de champiñón - Part 1
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"Retired people" are referred to as jubilados -- doesn't that sound like a happy state to be in? Yes, through shared Latin roots, jubilar is related to "jubilant" in English.
Macho, si sobreviven los jubilados, ¿no va a sobrevivir un pibe?
Dude, if the retirees survive, isn't a kid going to survive?
Caption 47, Yago - 7 Encuentros
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Hemos volcado nuestra experiencia, nuestros estudios, nuestras investigaciones, nuestros recorridos por selvas, por sitios difíciles a veces...
We have used our experience, our studies, our research, our journeys in the jungles, in difficult places, sometimes...
Captions 9-10, Federico Kauffman Doig - Arqueólogo
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The verb volcar literally means "to overturn," "to dump," "to knock over," etc. It is, however, often used figuratively. In the example above, Señor Doig is talking about those things that he and his fellow archeologists have "used," or "drawn upon." "We have used our experience, our studies, our research, our journeys in the jungle..." The mental image that the use of volcar might create here is that they have figuratively "dumped out" all the things they've learned over the years onto a big table -- sorted through and arranged them -- using them to write their books.
Busca un trabajo en el que pueda volcar toda su creatividad.
She is looking for a job where she can exploit all her creativity.
Volcar can also me "to be engrossed in," or "to be devoted to."
Está completamente volcado a su trabajo.
He is completely devoted to.
Iker Casillas, de la mano de la ONG Plan, con la que colabora, se han volcado en conseguir toda la ayuda posible para Haití.
Iker Casillas, hand in hand with the NGO Plan, with which he collaborates, have thrown themselves into obtaining all the help possible for Haiti.
Captions 2-3, Iker Casillas - apoya el trabajo de Plan
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Pero la calle lo siguió jalando
But the streets kept pulling him back
Y de lo bueno ya no va quedando
And nothing good is being left
Captions 21-22, La Secta - Consejo
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The verb jalar means "to pull" and its use is common in many parts of Latin America. Miami-based La Secta, in their music video Consejo (which means "advice"), uses the verb in the phrase above, "But the street kept pulling him back."
If jalar means "to pull," why have we seen the command hale, with an h, printed on doors in countries like Venezuela and Mexico? Well, it turns out that halar also means "to pull," and when we boil down the evidence it seems that halar is basically the same verb, more or less, as jalar, but spelled with an h up front. Which spelling came first, which is more "correct," etc., seems to be up for debate, and also a matter of regional preference.
In Spain, we are likely to see tirar (which can mean "to pull") printed on one side of a door, and in Argentina we are likely to see the indicative form, tire. (By the way, most of these countries tend to agree that empuje or empujar, "to push," goes on the other side of these doors.)
Folks in Spain pretty much never use jalar for "to pull," however they do use it for "to eat," but only in very informal settings -- it can be considered a bit crude.
¿Quién se ha jalado todo el jamón?
Who has wolfed down all the ham?
Vamos a jalar. ¿Vienes con nosotros?
Let's go eat. You coming with us?
In parts of Central America, such as Nicaragua and Costa Rica, jalar can be used to mean "going out" or "dating."
Él y ella estan jalando.
He and she are dating.
You can read a long discussion on the regional uses of jalar, halar and tirar here.
The short film Con ánimo de lucro starts with a series of commands reminiscent of the John Lennon song "Imagine":
Imagina acabar con el hambre y la pobreza.
Imagine putting an end to hunger and poverty.
Caption 1, Con ánimo de lucro - Cortometraje
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So, what's that word after Imagina (the familiar command form of imaginar, or "to imagine")? It's the Spanish verb acabar, which most commonly means "to end" or "finish." Although we could "end" our discussion right there, we won't because, as we see in this example, the verb acabar can mean different things in combination with different words and in different contexts. But before moving on to those, let's take a look at a couple of "classic" examples of this common Spanish verb:
Al final...
In the end...
Nuestro caso no es distinto de otros casos que acabaron mal
Our case is not different from other cases that ended badly
Captions 13-14, Victor & Leo - Recuerdos de amor
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Vale, hemos acabado.
OK, we've finished.
Caption 69, Animales en familia Un día en Bioparc: Cachorro de leopardo - Part 2
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Now, let's move on to some more nuanced uses of the verb acabar. Although all of them entail some kind of "ending," these variations can help us to express a multitude of English idiomatic expressions in Spanish.
We can use the Spanish verb acabar to talk about the idea of "ending up," or where something or someone ultimately arrives, perhaps unexpectedly:
y seguro que iba a acabar en la basura, ¿no?
and for sure it was going to end up in the trash, right?
Caption 49, 75 minutos Gangas para ricos - Part 5
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al final el congelador acaba quemando los alimentos.
in the end, the freezer ends up burning the food.
Caption 4, Cómetelo Crema de brócoli - Part 7
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As we saw in the opening quote, acabar con (literally "to finish with") can have the more specific meaning "to put an end to," perhaps some unpleasant phenomenon:
Para nosotros, para el santuario de burros en España, es muy importante acabar con el maltrato animal,
For us, for the donkey sanctuary in Spain, it's very important to put an end to animal abuse,
Captions 38-39, Amaya El Refugio del Burrito
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3. Acabar con (alguien): "to break up with" (someone)
When speaking about a person, however, acabar con can mean "to break up" in the sense of ending a relationship:
Pienso acabar con mi novio.
I'm planning to break up with my boyfriend.
Of course, without context, someone could definitely misunderstand our previous example, as acabar con alguien can also mean to kill them!
acaben con él y lo entierran por allí en el llano.
finish him off and bury him somewhere in the plains.
Caption 19, El Ausente Acto 2 - Part 8
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The very important verb acabar de plus the infinitive form of a verb allows us to express the idea of having "just" completed some action:
Isabel Zavala acaba de salir del edificio.
Isabel Zavala just left the building.
Caption 3, Confidencial: El rey de la estafa Capítulo 4 - Part 15
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Acabo de ver a ese chico moreno, alto y de ojos azules,
I just saw that brown-haired, tall guy with blue eyes,
Caption 19, Fundamentos del Español 3 - Le Estructura de las Frases
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Acabé por decirle la verdad.
I finally told him the truth.
Depending upon the context, an alternative translation might be "I ended up telling him the truth. "
The reflexive verb acabarse can also mean "to run out," of something literal or figurative:
Cuando llegan cosas como que se acabó la leche, los pañales,
When things come like, that the milk ran out, the diapers,
Caption 8, La Sub30 Familias - Part 6
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In this context, you will frequently encounter the verb acabarse in the form of a "no fault"/involuntary se construction. You will note that although acabarse is conjugated in the third person singular in accordance with the subject (el tiempo/the time), the indirect object pronoun nos lets us know to whom the action of the sentence is occurring (to us). Let's take a look:
Eh... Se nos acabó el tiempo, entonces espero que practiquen en su casa
Um... We ran out of time, so I hope you practice at home
Caption 59, Lecciones de guitarra Con Cristhian - Part 3
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Although this sentence was translated as "We ran out of time," the literal translation would be "Time ran out on us." For more information on the se involuntario, check out this series from El Aula Azul.
Acabarse is also a synonym for agotarse, which can mean "to sell out" in Spanish:
Quería ir al concierto pero las entradas ya se hab​ían acabado.
I wanted to go to the concert, but the tickets had already sold out.
9. Acabarse (to be over)
The reflexive form of acabar can also mean "to be over." In fact, you will often see this verb in quite dramatic contexts, most often in the preterite tense:
Anda, ¡para! ¡ya! ¡Ya está, se acabó!
Come on, stop! Now! That's it, it's over!
Captions 28-29, Carolina - Acentos
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Other colloquial translations for the expression ¡Se acabó! might include "That's it!" or "That's that!"
Se acabó, yo no voy a insistir.
That's it, I'm not going to insist.
Caption 1, Muñeca Brava 48 - Soluciones - Part 5
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So, speaking of "being over":
Y colorín colorado, este cuento se ha acabado.
And snip, snap, snout, this tale's told out" [Literally: Red, red-colored, this tale has ended"].
Caption 65, Cleer La princesa y el guisante
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This common expression, the equivalent of the English, "And snip, snout, this tale's told out," often appears at the end of children's stories to say something like, "And that's all, folks!" On that note, we hope you've enjoyed this lesson, and don't forget to leave us your suggestions and comments.
No se tenía porqué poner zapatos.
There was no need to wear shoes.
Caption 30, Federico Kauffman Doig - Arqueólogo
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In this space, just two weeks ago, we discussed que ("that") and ¿qué? ("what?"), porque ("because") and ¿por qué? ("why?"). In these instances, the accent over the é turned a conjunction into an interrogation.
This week, the affable archaeologist Federico Kauffman Doig reminds us of another porqué, which is a noun that means the reason, cause or motive for something. Because it's a noun, porqué has a gender – masculine – and is often preceded by a definite (el, los) or indefinite article (un, unos).
Related:
Nadie sabe [el] porqué de su abandono.
Nobody knows the reason for its abandonment.
Caption 39, Querido México - Teotihuacán
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Escuchar esta música en la voz de Alejandro nos hace recordar el porqué hacemos esto.
Listening to this music in Alejandro's voice makes us remember why (the reason) we do this.
Captions 12-13, Documental de Alejandro Fernandez - Viento A Favor
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Los porqués son...
The reasons are...
Un porqué de...
A reason for....
So, take this hint if you want to ace a Spanish spelling bee (un concurso de deletreo): If porqué is used as a noun, it's always one word and has an accent over its é.
Lo que pretendemos es sembrar en la gente la actitud de reducir...
What we seek is to instill in the people the attitude of reducing...
Caption 1, De consumidor a persona - Short Film
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It's easy enough to guess the meaning of some Spanish verbs. Take the environmentally helpful trio reducir, reutilizar and reciclar, for example. If you guessed the three verbs mean "to reduce," "to reutilize" and "to recycle," respectively, you're right on. Because Spanish and English share so many Latin language roots, many words sound similar–in other words, they are cognates. But watch out for false cognates, also known as false friends. Two examples are the verbs atender and asistir. In Spanish, atender does not mean "to attend," but "to serve." Meanwhile, asistir does not mean "to assist" but "to attend."
Which brings us back to the quote above. False friend pretender commonly means "to try," "to seek" or "to be after." So, the sentence above can be translated as: "What we seek is to instill [literally, "to sow"] in the people the attitude of reducing...."
While pretender and "pretend" have common Latin roots, the use of the word in English to mean "to seek" or "to undertake" fell out of use many moons ago. (Note the archaic definition still stands in some English dictionaries, like this one.)
El gobierno pretende proteger los derechos de los trabajadores.
The government seeks (or tries) to protect the rights of the workers.
Este decreto en el cual el gobierno de España pretende cobrarnos un impuesto injusto, no tiene validez.
This decree, in which the government of Spain is attempting to charge us an unfair tax, is invalid.
Captions 12-13, Los Años Maravillosos - Capítulo 9
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No pretendo ser tu dueño.
I don't want (or aspire) to be your master.
Yo no pretendo tener ninguna relación con ningún hombre después de Tomás.
I don't intend to have any relationship with any man after Tomas.
Caption 31, Yago - 11 Prisión
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¿Y qué pretendes que haga yo? Como si pudiera cambiar algo.
And what do you want me to do? As if I could change a thing.
¿Pretendes que vaya hasta allá a buscarla desnuda?
Do you expect me to go over there and get it naked?
Caption 27, Yago - 1 La llegada
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Pensamos que el agua, que el aire, que el suelo es nuestro y podemos hacer lo que nos dé la gana. No es cierto.
We think that the water, the air, the land is all ours and we can make what we feel like. That's not true.
Captions 10-13, De consumidor a persona - Short Film - Part 2
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Gana, meaning "wish" or "will," is a noun that plays a key role to express wishes or desires in Spanish. The expression darle (a alguien) la gana means "to feel like" or "to want to."
lo que me dé la gana
what I feel like
lo que te dé la gana
what you feel like
...y te puedes venir aquí cuando te dé la gana, ¿yo te voy a perdonar?
...and you can come here whenever you feel like it, I am going to forgive you?
Caption 22, Yago - 11 Prisión
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lo que le dé la gana
what you feel like / what he-she feels like
¡Salte de alegría cuando le dé la gana!
Jump for joy whenever you feel like it!
Caption 4, Kikirikí - Animales
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lo que les dé la gana
what you [pl.] feel like / what they feel like
¿Hasta cuándo van a seguir haciendo lo que les dé la gana?
Until when are you guys going to keep doing whatever you [pl.] feel like?
Caption 42, Los Años Maravillosos - Capítulo 3
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Even more common is the pairing of the verb tener ("to have") with the plural ganas, as in:
Tenía ganas de hacer algo, con eso y...
I wanted to do something, with it and...
Caption 68, Biografía - Natalia Oreiro
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Natalia is saying: "I wanted to do something with this." The word-for-word translation might have you thinking she had the will to do it, but common understanding is simply that she felt like it, or wanted to do it.
Tengo muchas ganas de aprender español.
I really want to learn Spanish.
A mí... yo tengo muchas ganas.
I... I really want to.
Caption 21, Amaya - Teatro romano
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No tengo ganas de parar ahora.
I don't want to stop now.
Gracias, Merycita, pero no tengo ganas de jugar.
Thank you, Merycita, but I don't feel like playing.
Caption 58, Club 10 - Capítulo 1
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Y sembrar sus cositas por ahí... lo que da cebolla, tomate, al pimentón, el ají y otras cosas pues, por ahí.
And planting their little things around here... producing onion, tomato, red pepper, chili and other stuff, around here.
Captions 29-31, José Rodríguez - La Finca
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Have you noticed that the verb dar, which we usually take to mean "to give" seems to be used a lot in reference to the growing of fruits and vegetables. Well it turns out that what is doing the "giving," and sometimes it is implied, sometimes more explicit, is la tierra, "the land." Here we find José Rodríguez talking about people in the area "planting their little things around here... producing onion, tomato, red pepper, chili peppers, and other things, around here."
It's not the first time we find dar used in this way. If we check back with our friend Rafael discussing Guatemala:
La tierra... la tierra de las verduras... porque ahí hay'... da buenas... verduras, como repollo, zanahoria, cebolla... tomate...
The land... the land of vegetables... because there are'... it [the land] produces good... vegetables, like cabbage, carrot, onion... tomato...
Captions 14-16, Rafael T. - Guatemala Hermosa
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Digamos en la costa, también da buenas frutas como la naranja, la sandía, la papaya, el melón... el coco.
Let's say in the coast, it also produces good fruit like oranges, watermelon, papaya, melon... coconut.
Captions 18-20, Rafael T. - Guatemala Hermosa
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Another example:
Este año, mis tierras no han dado una buena cosecha.
This year, my lands didn't produce a good harvest.
In all of the examples above, dar takes a direct object ("cabbage", "oranges", etc.). However, the reflexive darse can be used as well, with no direct object, and the meaning is "to grow," or "to come up." (This "reflexive" usage, as per the examples below, is somewhat more common in Spain than Latin America.)
He plantado aquí tomates, pero no se dan.
I planted tomatoes here, but they aren't growing (or "aren't coming up").
Las palmeras no se dan en Noruega.
Palm trees don't grow in Norway.
Estas papayas no se dan en todo lado.
These papayas don't occur everywhere.
Caption 10, Otavalo - Conozcamos el Mundo de las Frutas con Julia
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¡Ay, pero por Dios, me va a ver! ¡Yo de ésta no puedo zafar!
Ay for God's sake, he's gonna see me! I can't dodge this one!
Caption 76, Provócame - Piloto
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Later, in the same scene, our heroine Ana has another breathless exclamation worthy of a closer look. In it, she uses the verb zafar, which can mean "to escape," "to free" or "to untie," according to the authoritative Spanish dictionary from the La Real Academia Española. Along these lines, a current popular song by the Uruguayan band La Vela Puerca is titled Zafar, in the sense of "To escape." The song discusses the fumes and smells of the city and is punctuated by the refrain: ...estoy zafando del olor ("...I am escaping from the smell").
In neighboring, Argentina, you hear the verb zafar all the time on the city streets, with a more modern, slangy meaning: "to get by." For example, if you ask an Argentine how he's doing, he may answer, estoy zafando, meaning "I'm hanging in there."
Bueno... está bien, Tere.
All right... Tere, OK.
Caption 30, Verano Eterno - Fiesta Grande
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Bien, usually meaning "well" or "OK," has a plethora of uses that can change slightly in meaning depending on the context. Here, Tere's mother tells her that "it's OK" for her to take piano lessons with Juan. "OK" is a fairly typical translation for bien.
Es ahora bien buena madre con los hijos adoptivos
Now she is such a good mother with the adopted children
Captions 42-43, José Luís Acacio - Simón Bolívar
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The word bien, when placed before an adjective, tends to emphasize the meaning of that adjective. Here, that emphasis is perhaps best translated as "very" or "such a" to give us "Now, she's a very good mother" (or "such a good mother").
Note that when it's not used to describe your mother, bien buena, on it's own, most often means "really hot" or "really fine," (in the colloquial sense) and is used referring to some sexy thing.
¡Mamacita, estas bien buena!
Girl, you are damn fine!
Entonces que nosotros, pues, tenemos una... tenemos un dialecto que es bien bonito.
So it's that we, well, have a... we have a dialect that is quite beautiful.
Captions 47-48, Rafael T. - La Cultura Maya
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Sometimes that emphasis that the word bien gives to the adjective it precedes seems to be best translated as "quite," which in this case gives us: "We have a dialect that is quite beautiful."
Bien is used for emphasis in a variety of sayings that are common among younger speakers often prone to exaggeration:
Cantas bien mal.
You sing really badly.
Keep your eyes open for many more interesting uses of bien!
Yo no me acuerdo pero bien pudo ser.
I don't remember but it well could have been (or, easily may have been).
Y después de amamantarlos tanto a unos como otros
And after nursing them each one like the other
Captions 45-46, José Luís Acacio - Simón Bolívar
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José's patriotic tune personifies Venezuela as a mother and in so doing introduces us to some great words for motherly attention.
Amamantar means "to nurse" or even more literally "to breast feed" (coming from the root for mammary glands, mama), and so here we have "And later to nurse them...". This really reinforces the notion of amor carnal ("bodily love") that Madre Venezuela shows her people.
Con ese amor tan carnal meciéndolos en su hamaca
With such a carnal love rocking them in her swing
Captions 47-48, José Luís Acacio - Simón Bolívar
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Mecer means "to cradle," "to swing," or "to sway." So here he sings of Madre Venezuela cradling or swinging her children "in their hammock."
Los dormía y arrullaba con nuestro himno nacional
She put them to sleep and lulled them with our national anthem
Captions 49-50, José Luís Acacio - Simón Bolívar
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Arrullar means "to lull" or "to coo" (refering to the noise made by pigeons and that made by mothers to lull their babies). Therefore, "She put them to sleep and lulled them."
So a late afternoon routine for a mother might go like this:
En la tarde, la madre amamanta el bebe si tiene hambre. Después para que sea quieto, le arrulla en sus brazos. Entonces, cuando ya está más quieto, ella pone el bebe en la cuna ("cradle") y le mece hasta que entra el sueño.
In the afternoon, the mother breastfeeds the baby if he is hungry. Then for him to be still, she cradles him in her arms. So, when he is more still, she puts the baby in her crib ("cradle") and rocks him until he falls asleep.
The verb gustar, or Spanish equivalent of "to like," tends to confuse English speakers because, in terms of the relationship between a sentence's subject and object, it functions in exactly the opposite way. To better understand this, let's define these two terms:
Generally speaking, the subject of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea that performs an action.
The object of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea that receives the action of the sentence's verb.
A very simple example of this concept would be: "I threw the ball," where "I" is the subject, or performer of the action, and "the ball" is the object, or recipient of the action.
That said, with the English verb "to like," it is the subject of the sentence that "does the liking." Let's look at a few simple examples:
She likes pizza ("She" is the subject who performs the action of liking onto the object, "pizza").
Anna and John like dogs ("Anna and John" is the subject; they perform the action of liking onto the object, "dogs").
We like you ("We" is the subject that performs the action of liking onto the object, "you").
In Spanish, on the other hand, the subject, or performer of the action, is the person, place, or thing that, in English, is "being liked." To see this in action, let's take a look at some captions from a Yabla video on this very topic:
Me gusta mucho este parque. A ti también te gusta ¿verdad? Sí, me gustan las plantas. Sí, a mí me gustan las plantas y las flores y los árboles.
I really like this park. You like it too, right? Yes, I like the plants. Yes, I like the plants and the flowers and the trees.
Captions 9-13, Conversaciones en el parque - Cap. 5: Me gusta mucho este parque.
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In Spanish, este parque (this park), las plantas (the plants), and las plantas y las flores y los árboles (the plants and the flowers and the trees) are the subjects of these sentences, as they are thought to "cause" the implied objects yo (I) and tú (you) to like them. In their English translations, on the other hand, "I" and "you" are the subjects of the sentences, whereas "this park," "it," "the plants," and "the plants and the flowers and the trees" are the objects that receive the action of liking.
While this difference in perception may confuse English speakers, it is useful to note that the English verb "to please" functions similarly to "gustar" in terms of the subject-object relationship. Therefore, it may be a good exercise to substitute this verb for "to like" when translating Spanish sentences with "gustar" or attempting to formulate new ones. Let's take a look at our previous example, this time translated with the verb "to please":
Me gusta mucho este parque. A ti también te gusta ¿verdad? Sí, me gustan las plantas. Sí, a mí me gustan las plantas y las flores y los árboles.
This park really pleases me. It also pleases you, right? Yes, the plants please me. Yes, the plants and the flowers and the trees please me.
To reiterate this concept, let's take a look at some additional examples where the verb gustar has been translated as "to like" while providing their alternative translations with "to please":
1.
Me gustan mucho las chaquetas de piel.
I really like leather jackets.
Caption 32, 75 minutos - Gangas para ricos - Part 14
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ALTERNATIVE TRANSLATION:
Me gustan mucho las chaquetas de piel.
Leather jackets really please me.
2.
Yo te quiero así y me gustas porque eres diferente
I love you like that, and I like you because you're different
Caption 12, Carlos Vives, Shakira - La Bicicleta
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ALTERNATIVE TRANSLATION:
Yo te quiero así y me gustas porque eres diferente
I love you like that, and you please me because you're different
3.
¿Te gusta trabajar aquí, te gusta? -No, no me gusta, no.
Do you like working here, do you like it? -No, I don't like it, no.
Caption 77, 75 minutos - Del campo a la mesa - Part 12
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ALTERNATIVE TRANSLATION:
¿Te gusta trabajar aquí, te gusta? -No, no me gusta, no.
Does working here please you, does it please you? -No, it doesn't please me, no.
Note that while the alternative translations are grammatically correct, their primary purpose here is to help us to understand how the Spanish verb "gustar" functions. As in everyday speech, it would be far less common to hear someone say "You please me" than "I like you," the translations with "to like" are preferable in most cases.
Now that we are familiar with the different manners in which the English and Spanish languages express the concept of "liking," it's time to learn how to conjugate the verb "gustar," which we'll cover in the next lesson. That's all for today, and don't forget to leave us your comments and suggestions.
¿No me digas que arrugaste?
Don't tell me you're backing out?
Caption 12, Verano Eterno - Fiesta Grande
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In the same scene, Benjamin rekindles the fire of the apuesta ("bet") to see whether Mauro has won the heart of Violeta. At one point, he asks Mauro if their bet is still on. To do so, he uses the verb arrugar, which means "to wrinkle" or "to crumble" in other contexts. But in the context of their bet, arrugar would mean crumble in a way, but a more straightforward translation is "to back out."
Keep your eyes open in the cosmetics section to find una arruga used as a noun meaning "a wrinkle," and often in the plural as arrugas.
When learning Spanish gets tough, ¡No arrugues!
¿No te parece un poquitito tarde para abrir?
Don't you think it's a bit late to open?
Caption 1, Verano Eterno - Fiesta Grande
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If un poco means "a little," and un poquito is the diminutive form (meaning "just a little bit"), what is un poquitito? Yup, it's the diminutive of the diminutive. It's kind of like saying: "Just a wee little bitty bit" for an exaggerated effect. In the opening line of this installment of Verano Eterno, Benjamin is giving Mauro a hard time. Using a diminutive of a diminutve helps him exaggerate his sarcastic comment for effect.
At a travel and tourism exposition in London, we meet Ángela who is from Tarija, Bolivia. She tells us a little bit about a favourite dish of hers from her hometown called "saice."
Es parecido al chili con carne, pero como les digo, es muchísimo más sabroso.
It's similar to "chili con carne," but as I tell you guys, it's way more tasty.
Se acompaña con arroz y un poquitito de ensaladita.
It comes with rice and a little bit of salad.
Captions 22-23, World Travel Market en Londres - Ángela de Bolivia
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There's one other diminutive of a diminutive that's commonly heard: Chico, as in "small" can be made "very very small" by saying chiquitito. (Note that in both cases, the "c" turns to a "qu" to retain that hard c/k sound before "i.")
O quizás una barba pequeñita en la barbilla que se llama perilla.
Or perhaps a tiny beard on the chin that's called a goatee.
Es la perilla, solamente aquí, chiquitito.
It's a goatee, only here, very small.
Captions 81-83, Marta de Madrid - El cuerpo - La cabeza
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While there are many words that are identical in Spanish and English (e.g. original, horror, etc.), other words play different tricks on us. This short lesson is about one of those "false friends," or words that are written the same as or similar to words in another language but have very different meanings.
An age-old mistake among English speakers is to use the verb realizar as a means of conveying "to come to know" or "realize." Of course, most of you know by now that this is a false cognate as realizar usually means "to achieve," "bring to fruition," etc.
In fact, the correct way to say "to realize" is darse cuenta. Let's take a look at a couple of clips in order to see that verb in action:
Eh, darse cuenta que... que hay mucha gente, muchos chavales, que han podido perder una familia en'... a sus padres, se pueden quedar huérfanos.
Um, realizing that... that there many people, many young people, who have managed to lose an [entire] family... their parents; they can end up orphans.
Captions 12-13, Iker Casillas - apoya el trabajo de Plan
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Y de pronto te das cuenta de que... de que no quieres estar con nadie más.
And suddenly you realize that... that you don't want to be with anyone else.
Captions 29-30, Cortometraje - Flechazos
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And now, let's see how the Spanish verb realizar is used throughout this El Aula Azul video:
Entonces voy a coger los datos para realizar la inscripción.
Then I'm going to take down the information to carry out the registration.
Caption 1, El Aula Azul - Conversación: Los cursos de español
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Y ahí tendrá toda la información para realizar el pago.
And there he'll have all of the information to make the payment.
Caption 31, El Aula Azul - Conversación: Los cursos de español
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Y toda la información que pueda necesitar para... para realizar su curso.
And all the information that he might need to... to take his course.
Caption 32, El Aula Azul - Conversación: Los cursos de español
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As you can see, the verb realizar can be used in many different ways, just not in the way in which a native English speaker might initially expect!
That's all for today. We hope this lesson helps you to avoid making this common mistake. And don't forget to send us your comments and suggestions.
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